System and method for enabling radio operations on a wireless computing device

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention provide for a wireless computing device that comprises a set of one or more radio components to transmit and receive wireless communications on the device. Additionally, the wireless computing device includes processing and memory resources that individually or in combination provide multiple wireless applications, a radio object, and an arbitration component. The multiple wireless applications are each capable of generating a user-interface for enabling user-input in connection with wireless activities performed with that wireless application. The radio object interfaces the multiple applications with the set of one or more radio components. The arbitration component is configured to arbitrate at least one of (i) requests made by each of the wireless applications to the radio object for access to one or more of the radio components in the set, or (ii) responses from the radio object to requests made by each of the wireless applications.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/302,524, filed Dec. 12, 2005, which claims benefit of priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/719,811, filed on Sep. 23,2005; both of the aforementioned applications being hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed embodiments relate generally to the field of wirelesscomputing devices. In particular, the disclosed embodiments relategenerally to a system and method for enabling radio operations on awireless computing device.

BACKGROUND

Communication devices have evolved to include numerous types ofcommunication capabilities and functionality. For example, handhelddevices exist that operate as cellular phones, messaging terminals,Internet devices, while including personal information management (PIM)software and photo-management applications.

Mobile phone networks have traditionally been limited to voicecommunications, but new technologies such as GSM (Global System forMobile Communications) have enabled mobile phone networks to alsoinclude data communications. For example, SMS (Short Message Service)messaging provides a software-independent protocol to send short textmessages composed of either: 160-7 bit characters; 70-16 bit characters;or 140 octets of binary data. Individual SMS messages thus require arelatively small network bandwidth and devices can receive messages,even when connected to a voice call. The number of SMS messages a userreceives has continually increased because many new types of networkdevices have joined mobile phone networks. These devices include, forexample, PDAs, hybrid PDA/mobile phone devices, and other text messagingdevices using GSM networks.

Given market demands and technological advances, wireless computingdevices are updated rapidly in software and hardware. For example,cellular phones have evolved from carrying analog signals to carryingdigital signals. Currently devices are transitioning from 2.0 and 2.5GHz bands to 3 GHz bands (“3G” networks), on which better broadbandsupport for transfer of large data amounts will be possible.

With new developments in wireless applications and networks, numerousmanufacturers, platforms and applications have come into existence forsuch devices. Increasingly, software development and compatibility areissued with such devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture for a wireless computing device,under an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2A illustrates a system that can be implemented on a wirelesscomputing device, according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2B illustrates a message 250 that can be communicated between twoprogrammatic components, such as for example, the wireless application210 and the session manager 220.

FIG. 2C illustrates an embodiment in which a wireless application 260 isnot message-enabled, but generates calls 262 when making requests.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment in which a modularized radio object isimplemented on a wireless computing device, according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates components of a radio object such as described withFIG. 3 in greater detail, under an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a computing device on which multiple radio hardwaremodules are provided with support, under an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple radio objects areincluded in one device, and in which the type of radio communicationsused for a particular wireless activity is transparent to the user.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention enable radio operations on a wirelesscomputing device. In particular, embodiments described herein providefor the radio objects that facilitate and enable wireless activity totake place using radio resources of a device that are independent ofdevice hardware and platform. Furthermore, embodiments of the inventionprovide for better use of radio communication resources by multipleapplications through features such as arbitration and messagecommunications.

Embodiments described herein enable the modularization of architecturefor enabling wireless communications across different platforms anddevices. In an embodiment, much of the logic and programming forenabling wireless applications to use radio communication hardware ismade device and platform independent. According to one embodiment, forexample, a radio object may be provided as a complete and modularentity, that can be implemented on multiple types of devices and/orprovided with different operating systems.

Embodiments of the invention provide for a wireless computing devicethat comprises a set of one or more radio components to transmit andreceive wireless communications on the device. Additionally, thewireless computing device includes processing and memory resources thatindividually or in combination provide multiple wireless applications, aradio object, and an arbitration component. The multiple wirelessapplications are each capable of generating a user-interface forenabling user-input in connection with wireless activities performedwith that wireless application. The radio object interfaces the multipleapplications with the set of one or more radio components. Thearbitration component is configured to arbitrate at least one of (i)requests made by each of the wireless applications to the radio objectfor access to one or more of the radio components in the set, or (ii)responses from the radio object to requests made by each of the wirelessapplications.

Examples of wireless computing devices that may be configured under oneor more embodiments include a cellular telephone device with messagingcapabilities, including devices such as “smart phones” which are providefunctionality that includes messaging (e.g. email and instantmessaging), cellular telephony, WiFi and/or Bluetooth connectivity, andother functionality such as digital photography and media playback.

Unless stated otherwise, components such as the radio object and thearbitration component may be implemented as software, hardware, firmwareor a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the radio object and thearbitration component are low-level software, operating beneath theoperating system.

According to one embodiment, the arbitration component enables requestsfrom two or more of the wireless applications to be handledasynchronously by the radio object.

According to another embodiment, the arbitration component forwardsrequests from the wireless applications to the radio object usingmessages.

In a situation where some of the wireless applications communicate withthe radio object using function calls, one embodiment provides that theprogramming and logic includes an interface that converts each functioncall to a corresponding message. One type of information that can becommunicated in a message is version.

In another embodiment, the computing device includes a plurality ofradio modules. Each radio module includes one or more components forperforming at least one of transmitting and receiving wireless data in acorresponding wireless communication medium and under a correspondingprotocol. Additionally, processing and memory resources are providedthat, in combination or individually, provide a wireless application forenabling a particular type of wireless communication using anyone of theplurality of radio modules. A plurality of radio objects are eachconfigured to process a request for a communication of the particulartype using a radio module in the plurality of radio modules thatcorresponds to that radio object. A manager is configured to select oneof the plurality of radio modules to handle the communication.

Another embodiment provides one or more radio object components, thateach include instructions for handling communication requestsoriginating from at least one corresponding wireless communicationapplication for use by a radio module of the wireless computing device.An operating system abstraction is provided that includes instructionsfor interfacing each of the one or more radio object components with anoperating system of the wireless computing device. Additionally, ahardware interface is configured to interface each of the one or moreradio object components with device hardware on the wireless computingdevice. The one or more radio object components are independent of theoperating system abstraction and the hardware interface.

Furthermore, embodiments described below provide for several featuresand variations, including arbitration of requests for radio resources,message architecture, modularized components of software radio resources(e.g. radio objects), and use of multiple types of radio resources. Itis contemplated that all such embodiments described may be implementedin a single device. However, it is also contemplated that the variousembodiments and features may be implemented individually, without thepresence of other features from other embodiments. Thus, for example, anembodiment in which an arbitration component is provided for radiocommunications may or may not be implemented with a messagearchitecture, or with modularized components of software radioresources, as described with other embodiments.

One or more embodiments described herein provide that methods,techniques and actions performed by a computing device are performedprogrammatically, or as a computer-implemented method. Programmaticallymeans through the use of code, or computer-executable instructions. Aprogrammatically performed step may or may not be automatic.

Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein may be implementedthrough the use of instructions that are executable by one or moreprocessors. These instructions may be carried on a computer-readablemedium. Machines shown in figures below provide examples of processingresources and computer-readable mediums on which instructions forimplementing embodiments of the invention can be carried and/orexecuted. A specific type of machines on which embodiments describedherein can be provided include wireless computing devise, such ascellular phones, wireless messaging devices, hybrids or smart phones andother devices capable of wireless communications. In particular, thenumerous machines shown with embodiments of the invention includeprocessor(s) and various forms of memory for holding data andinstructions. Such devices and functionality may alternatively bereferred to as processing and memory resources, as well as logic (e.g.programming or bit coding). Examples of computer-readable mediumsinclude permanent memory storage devices, such as hard drives onpersonal computers or servers. Other examples of computer storagemediums include portable storage units, such as CD or DVD units, flashmemory (such as carried on many cell phones and personal digitalassistants (PDAs)), and magnetic memory. Computers, terminals, networkenabled devices (e.g. mobile devices such as cell phones) are allexamples of machines and devices that utilize processors, memory, andinstructions stored on computer-readable mediums.

Radio Object Arbitration

FIG. 1 illustrates an architecture for a wireless computing device,under an embodiment of the invention. In an embodiment, a device 100includes an application layer 110, an operating system layer 115, anarbitration component 120, a radio object 130 and a radio hardwaremodule 140. Together, these elements enable a user of the device 100 toinitiate and/or conduct wireless communication activities of varioustypes. Typical examples of such activity include voice calls andwireless messaging (such as text or image messaging). Specific examplesof such wireless activity include voice communications (cellular phoneor push-to-talk) SMS messaging, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)messaging, instant messaging (e.g. with open socket connection), email,and web browsing. Additional activities may also include transfer offiles and media, such as by way of streaming media.

To this end, wireless application layer 110 includes one or morewireless applications 112, 114, and 116. The wireless applications112-116 may provide user-interfaces and functionality for enabling theuser to initiate and perform specific wireless communication activities.These applications 112-116 are to layered applications, as compared tothe operating system 115, An implementation provided in FIG. 1 providesfor the arbitration component 120 and radio object 130 to be provided aslower level software with respect to the operating system 115.Alternative implementations may be used, such as an implementation inwhich the arbitration component 120 is provided above or at the level ofthe operating system layer 115. Some or all of the wireless applications112-116, as well as the arbitration component 120 and the radio object130 may be configured for use with the particular operating systememployed on the device. The application layer 110 is generally deviceand radio independent. But the arbitration component 120 and the radioobject 130 may have to accommodate the operating system, the devicehardware (not shown), and the radio module hardware 140. Typically, theradio hardware module 140 may comprise components for coding,modulating, amplifying and radiating on outgoing communications, andreceiving (e.g. antenna), amplifying, demodulating, and decoding onincoming communications. Examples of the different types of wirelesscommunications include cellular network transmissions, short range radiofrequency communications, and Infrared communications. Examples ofcellular network transmissions include communications handled underprotocols such as CDMA or TDMA (such as the TDMA air interface), PCS,communications for GSM networks, and dual, tri-, or quad-mode hybridsthat can communicate across multiple bandwidths using differentprotocols. Examples of short range radio frequency communicationsinclude Wireless Fidelity or 802.11b (“WiFi”) or Bluetoothcommunications.

Examples of the wireless applications 112-116 include a phoneapplication for enabling a person to initiate, receive and/or conductone or more phone calls carried over cellular networks. Other examplesof wireless applications 112-116 include messaging applications (e.g.SMS, MMS, instant messaging, email), and data applications such as a webbrowser which can browse the Internet over a wireless data channel. Inaddition to the phone application, other types of voice-exchangeapplications may be provided, such as push-to-talk or walkie-talkie typevoice communications.

The radio hardware module 140 may include a chip with on-board and/orexternal wireless transmission and reception component. The radiohardware module 140 may also include related logic and devices in orderto provide for a specific type and protocol of wireless communications.For example, radio hardware module may include devices, components, andprogramming for transmitting and receiving wireless communications of aspecific type, protocol, and even from or over a specific medium (e.g. aparticular bandwidth of radio-frequency transmissions).

According to an embodiment, radio object 130 includes one or moreprograms, applications, and/or other logical component that connect, orestablish a connection, between the different applications 112-116 ofapplication layer 110 and the radio hardware module 140. The radioobject 130 may be closely tied to the radio hardware module 140 in orderfor the radio object to accommodate the specifications and requirementsof the radio hardware. The radio object 130 is configured to translaterequests (and possibly other types of communications) from theapplications 112-116 into a format and structure dictated by therequirements of the radio hardware module 140. Under one commonimplementation, the radio object 130 has a one-to-one relationship withthe radio hardware module 140. In many cases, the radio object 130 andradio hardware module 140 are configured for a device by a common party,and also to operate on multiple operating systems. For example, if awireless messaging application generates a message, the radio object mayinclude a component that produces the data package that is converted bythe radio module 140 into a signal that carries the message from thedevice. With a typical approach of the past, the radio object 130 andits components were all designed for a device and its platform. Incontrast, embodiments described below (e.g. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4) enablesignificant portions and components of the radio object 130 to bemodularized so as to be device and operating system independent.

In an embodiment, device 100 includes the arbitration component 120 forregulating and/or controlling the use of radio hardware module 140 bythe applications 112-116 of the application layer 110. In oneimplementation, arbitration component 120 arbitrates requests made byapplications 112-116 to the radio object 130 for access to the radiohardware module 140. When multiple applications request use of radiohardware module 140, arbitration component 120 allocates the resourcesof that module to accommodate the multiple requests. The requests maythen be handled sequentially, or in clusters, depending on thecapabilities of the radio hardware module 140.

With reference to FIG. 1, the wireless applications 112-116 may submitradio object requests 117. In response to receiving each radio objectrequest 117, arbitration component 120 provides an arbitrated request125 to the radio object 130. In one implementation, arbitrated requests125 may correspond to the radio object requests 117, with sequencing,ordering, timing, or other mechanisms to enable allocation of resourcesprovided by the radio object 130 or the radio hardware module 140. Aprotocol or other set of rules may be used to establish how radio objectrequests 117 are to be arbitrated.

Additionally, arbitration component 120 may arbitrate responses,acknowledgements, or other forms of communications to the applications112-116 from the radio object 130. In particular, responses andacknowledgements may be internally generated, and returned to theapplications 112-116 from the radio object 130 and arbitration component120. Thus, if the radio hardware module 140 communicates a response to arequest from one of the wireless applications, the arbitration component120 may allocate resources as needed for the response to be forwarded tothat same wireless application.

As between the radio object 130 and the radio hardware module 140,arbitrated requests 125 are processed into an outgoing radio objectcommunication 135 that communicates the data transmission 145 neededfrom the radio hardware module 140. For example, as will be described, acomponent of the radio object 130 may be designated to handle requestsfrom a particular application 112-116. This component may package datanecessary for enabling the outgoing data transmission 145 to begenerated by the radio hardware module 140. For example, a requestoriginating from a text messaging application may correspond to a textmessage that is provided a header, then structured by the radio object130 to have a formatted body (e.g. as in the format, size and structureof an SMS message), then forwarded as the radio object communication 135to the radio hardware module 140. The radio hardware module 140 signalsthe outgoing data transmission 145, which, in the example recited, maycorrespond to a radio-frequency signal that carries the particular SMSmessage. As another example, a request may originate from a phoneapplication in the form of a phone number dialed by the user, with anaction to connect a call (e.g. the user presses “send). In response tothe request, the radio hardware module 140 may attempt to establish acellular telephone connection using a phone number specified in therequest.

The radio object 120 may also forward incoming communications to thewireless applications 112-116. Such communications may be in the form ofresponses or acknowledgements to requests made by the wirelessapplications. In one implementation, internal acknowledgements may begenerated from the radio hardware module 140 and forwarded by the radioobject 130 to a given one of the wireless applications 112-116 when agiven task was successfully performed. One example may correspond to aninternal message when a telephony message (e.g. SMS message) or evenemail is sent, in response to the corresponding messaging applicationmaking the request to have the message transmitted. The sameacknowledgement may communicate failure, such as when the email was notsent, or when the device is out of cellular coverage to make a phonecall. Internal acknowledgements may originate from the radio hardwaremodule 140, from the radio object 130, and/or from the arbitrationcomponent 120, or even from the operating system or other components.

In addition to internal acknowledgements and notifications, radio object130 may forward externally generated communications 146 (incomingmessage). Such communications may include externally generatedacknowledgements which are automatically generated in response tospecific events. For example, some wireless carriers generateacknowledgements for SMS messages. Other types of externally generatedcommunications include incoming messages from other computing devices(e.g. incoming email or SMS message). Still further, the incomingcommunication may correspond to the placement of a cellular phone callinitiated by another device, and the incoming communication is intendedto establish a voice connection with a phone application.

For externally generated communications, the incoming data transmission146 may be received by the radio hardware module 140 as the physicallayer, then converted into an incoming radio communication 136 for theradio object 130. One of the components of the radio object 130 maydetermine which application is to receive the incoming radiocommunication 136. The radio object 130 may generate a upward-directedradio object communication 126, which is received by the arbitrationcomponent 120 and then arbitrated to the applications 112-116 as aresponse 118. Internally generated acknowledgements and responses mayalso be passed upward to the applications 112-116 from the respectivecomponents in a similar fashion. For example, an acknowledgement that amessage has been transmitted may originate from the radio hardwaremodule 140 and be forwarded to the applications 112-116.

One result provided is that the device 100 can multi-task operationsrelating to wireless communications, particularly when more than onewireless application 112-116 is involved. For example, in oneembodiment, a user may initiate an SMS message while initiating or beingon a voice call. For example, the arbitration component 120 mayarbitrate an incoming or outgoing request to establish a phone call fromor with a phone application with a request to transmit an outgoing textmessage. In one implementation, the request to establish the phone callmay be stacked before or after the request for the radio hardware module140 to send the text message. Thus, the radio hardware module 140 needsto process only one request at a time.

In addition to functions such as described above, an embodiment providesthat arbitration component 120 enables asynchronous handling of requestsfrom wireless communication applications 112-116. This allows the device100 to initiate multiple operations from different wirelesscommunication applications at one time. Asynchronous handling means thatthe arbitration component 120 can queue multiple requests, as well asresponses. For example, if a user wishes to transmit a text message, therequest that initiates the text message may be received by thearbitration component 120. Immediately thereafter, the application thatinitiates the request is free to perform other tasks, and moregenerally, the device is capable of being used for other wirelessactivities. Thus, the device as a whole is not tied up on completion ofthe single wireless activity initiated by the request for text messagetransmission.

Message Architecture

Traditional device architecture for enabling use of radio hardwareresources provides for function calls and similar software communicationtechniques between different components and layers that comprise thearchitecture. Such techniques usually require function calls to be madethrough application program interfaces. Normally, the componentgenerating the function call is executing on the same device andplatform as where the application program interface resides, as the useof function calls is integral within the device.

In contrast to a traditional approach, embodiments described hereinprovide for a message architecture for a computing device in which radioresources are to be used to enable wireless communications. In a messagearchitecture, at least some of the components for enabling wirelessactivities communicate with one another with messages, rather thanfunction calls or other similar programmatic mechanisms. As will bedescribed, message communications between programmatic components hasnumerous benefits. These benefits may include, but not be limited to thefollowing: (i) backward compatibility is enabled because messages cancarry information about the application making the request; (ii)messages can be transferred from one environment to the other with ease,so that, for example, messages may be communicated between components ondifferent devices, and (iii) messages can be queued and processed whenreceived. With regard to FIG. 1, for example, one embodiment providesthat the arbitration component 120 utilizes messages in arbitratingrequests from multiple wireless applications.

FIG. 2A illustrates a system that can be implemented on a wirelesscomputing device, according to one embodiment of the invention. In FIG.2A, multiple wireless applications 210, as well as a session manager 220and a radio object 230, are shown to reside on a device 200 (“residentdevice”). As described with FIG. 1, radio object 230 may provide asoftware interface that interconnects to wireless applications 210 toradio hardware components (not shown in FIG. 2A). The session manager220 manages communications exchange between the wireless applications210 and radio object 230. In one embodiment, one of the functionsperformed by session manager 220 is to provide the arbitrationcomponent, as described with FIG. 1. Additionally, as describedelsewhere, the session manager 220 may determine which of the componentsof the radio object 230 should receive a particular request from one ofthe applications 210.

In a messaging architecture such as shown by FIG. 2A, session manager220 communicates with radio object 230 using messages 250. For example,a request forwarded by session manager 220 may be in the form of amessage, rather than a function call. Similarly, acknowledgments,responses, and incoming communications may be forwarded to the wirelessapplications 210 by session manager at 220 and/or radio object 230 usingmessages 250. Additionally, communications exchanged between the sessionmanager 220 and the wireless applications 210 may also be communicatedas messages 250.

FIG. 2B illustrates a message 250 that can be communicated between twoprogrammatic components, such as for example, the wireless application210 and the session manager 220. The message 250 may carry with itinformation about the component that generated the message, includingidentification information 255 of the originating application. Themessage 250 may also include information 256 about the purpose of thecommunication. The identification information 255 may include a versionidentifier 252 which identifies the software version of the componentthat generated the message. Numerous other types of information may beincluded in the message to facilitate the receiving component toproperly handle the request. For example, the information included inthe message may identify or indicate a protocol, format, or process thatthe originating application utilizes. When the message architecture isimplemented, components in the architecture can better handle andunderstand message requests from outdated components, as the message 250provides information to enable the receiving components to understandand process the message request. As such, a message architecture such asshown and described enables for better backwards compatibility aselements in the architecture are updated over time.

In contrast, function calls and more traditional approaches areinherently limited in their ability to communicate identificationinformation, such as the version of a component initiating a messagerequest. Such traditional approaches develop compatibility issues overtime, as newer applications or components develop difficulties inunderstanding how to handle function calls from outdated programs.

According to an embodiment the message 250 is generated and sent, it canbe handled by the receiving component asynchronously. For example, anincoming message may be queued by the session manager 220 of FIG. 2A. Assuch, the message architecture inherently promotes the session manager'srole in arbitrating requests for the radio objects. Additionally, themessage architecture facilitates individual wireless applications 210 toissue message requests and not have subsequent processes delayed whilewaiting for the acknowledgement or response to the message request. Incontrast, an architecture that uses function calls may requireadditional steps in enabling the requesting program to continue itsoperations while the function call is answered by the receivingcomponent.

In an embodiment such as shown in FIG. 2A, message 250 may originatefrom a location that is remote to the resident device 200, but still behandled in similar fashion to messages generated from components withinthat device. For example, a remote device 202 may provide a wirelessapplication, and the resident device 200 may carry a radio object andcorresponding radio hardware to enable wireless activity based on use ofthat application. The remote device 202 may communicate a messagedrequest from the wireless application on that device to the residentdevice 200, using Bluetooth, WiFi, Infrared transmissions, or othercommunicative means. The resident device 200 may transmit or perform thewireless activity using the message of the request. For example, theapplication on the remote device 202 may be a text messaging application(e.g. email or SMS). An infrared or Bluetooth connection may transfer amessage request from the remote device 202 to the resident device 200,with the message request conveying the recipient and the body of themessage. The radio object 230 on the resident device 200 may form thepacket or packets for the message, including the header and identifierand message body. The radio hardware on the resident device 200 maygenerate the outgoing text message using the format and protocolspecified by the radio object 230.

A message architecture such as illustrated by FIG. 2A assumes that allof the applications 210 that use the radio object 230 aremessaged-enabled when communicating with the radio object. However, inpractice, some or all components of the application layer 110 mayrequire the ability to make function calls, or other forms of requeststo the radio object 230 for purpose of making requests. FIG. 2Cillustrates an embodiment in which a wireless application 260 is notmessage-enabled, but generates calls 262 when making requests. In oneembodiment, an interface layer 270 may be provided that converts thecalls 262 into messages 272. The messages 272 may then be forwarded ontothe radio object, via the session manager 280.

An embodiment such as shown by FIG. 2C enables a computing device to runapplications that utilize messages and applications that utilizefunction calls when seeking to communicate with the radio object 230(see FIG. 2A). As described with FIG. 3 and elsewhere, embodiments ofthe invention may provide that radio object 230 is substantiallymodularized, meaning the programmatic constructs that form the object230 may remain substantially static when it is implemented in differentdevices and with different platforms. For example, there are platformsthat do not use the message architecture. An embodiment such as shown byFIG. 2C enables the radio object to maintain its construct and use ofmessages, even across platforms that use function calls.

Modularized Radio Object

Radio objects are typically software, or programmed elements, thataccompany corresponding radio hardware modules. With past approaches,the radio object accompanying a particular radio hardware module (a CDMAchip set) had to be separately designed to accommodate the operatingsystem and the device hardware. Under such past approaches, devices thatwere different in hardware (e.g. have different manufacturers) or inoperating systems (e.g. POCKET PC manufactured by MICROSOFT CORP. andPALM OS manufactured by PALMSOURCE, INC.) had separately designed radioobjects, even though such devices used the same basic radio hardware.

Under past practice, the use of such separately designed radio objectsmeant that the programmatic constructs for the radio object of the sameradio hardware differed significantly from device to device, andplatform to platform. As a result, radio object implementation in thepast was relatively labor intensive and expensive to software designersand product manufacturers.

In contrast to the past approaches, embodiments described herein providefor a radio object that is substantially platform independent and deviceindependent. Such a radio object is said to be modularized, in thatsignificant portions of the radio object can be implemented insubstantially the same form on different devices and platforms toaccompany the same radio hardware module(s). When a radio object isimplemented in the same form on different devices, the instance of theradio object on each device has substantially the same programmaticconstruct. Specifically, one embodiment provides that the radio objectmay have substantially the same code. This would mean that codestatements may have the substantially similar syntax and perform atleast nearly identical processes when compiled for use on differentdevices.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment in which a modularized radio object isimplemented on a wireless computing device, according to an embodimentof the invention. In FIG. 3, a computing device runs an operating system310 and includes radio hardware 330 for a particular type of wirelesscommunications. A radio object 320 processes communications to and fromthe radio hardware 330. The radio object 320 is substantially orsignificantly modularized, so as to have portions that are both deviceand platform independent. As such, an embodiment provides that the radioobject 320 is substantially configured for the radio hardware 330,rather than dependent on the requirements of the device or of theoperating system 310.

The radio object 320 includes an OS abstraction 322, one or more radiocomponents 324, and a device interface 326 or other device interface.The radio object 320 communicates with the radio hardware 330 using thedevice interface 326. In an embodiment, the primary processingcomponents of the radio object 320 are the radio components 324, whichare provided for individual applications for which wireless activity canbe engaged. For example, as described in FIG. 4, an individual radiocomponents 324 may handle requests from a specific application byformulating data packets that can be used by the radio hardware togenerate or initiate a communication specified by that request.

While an embodiment shown by FIG. 3 provides for radio object 320 toinclude operating and devices interfaces, other embodiments may removedevice and/or operating interfaces from the radio object altogether, sothat the radio object 320 is a complete and modular component capable ofbeing used on different types of devices and with different operatingsystems. In one embodiment, the OS abstraction 322 may be providedexternally from the radio object 320 and provided as a separatecomponent or functionality, or incorporated into the OS interface 312 orother component that is not the radio object 320. Similarly, the deviceinterface 326 may be provided externally from the radio object 320 andalso provided as a separate component or functionality to the radioobject 320. In this way, construction of the radio object 320 iscompletely independent of the device type and operating system type, andthe device interface 326 and the OS abstraction 322 can be providedseparately. Furthermore, identical radio objects 320 may be created forvarious devices and various operating systems.

According to an embodiment, the radio components 324 are modularized,meaning that they comprise of code and execute processes that areindependent of the platform and the device. The OS abstraction 322 mayabstract the operating system 310 for communications exchanged betweenthe radio object 320 and the operating system 310. These communicationsmay include requests, acknowledgements, notifications and other forms ofcommunications. Similarly, the device interface 326 may abstract thedevice profile for the radio object 320. Thus, anytime the radio objectis to be implemented for a particular device and platform, the radioobject 320 may employ the same radio components 324. Only the deviceinterface 326 and the OS abstraction 322 need to be reformulated.

In addition to the OS abstraction 322, an operating system interface 312may be needed to enable conversion of operating system specificcommunications (e.g. function calls and other requests) into a format ortype that is conforming to the nature of the radio object 320. Forexample, as described with FIG. 2A-2C, the radio object 320 maycommunicate using messages, while the application layer programs issuerequests using function calls. In such cases, the operating systeminterface 312 may enable communications between the radio object 320 andthe application layer programs that are operating system specific intheir capabilities. For example, the operating system interface 312 maytranslate function calls into messages, as described with FIG. 2C.

Furthermore, an embodiment provides that portions of the radio object320 that are device independent and operating system independent areabstracted out into relatively defined components. The OS abstraction322 may be dependent on the operating system 310, but deviceindependent. The device interface 326 may be dependent on the device,but independent of the operating system 310. Consequently, the portionof the radio object 320 forming the OS abstraction 322 and the radiocomponents 324 may be the same across different types of devices thathave the same operating system 310. Similarly, the portion of the radioobject 320 forming the radio components 324 and the device interface 326may be the same on different devices, even when the different deviceshave different operating systems 310.

FIG. 4 illustrates components of a radio object such as described withFIG. 3 in greater detail, under an embodiment of the invention. In anembodiment shown by FIG. 4, a radio object 420 acts as an interface toradio hardware 450 on a computing device. The radio object 420 includesan OS abstraction 422, and multiple radio object components. In animplementation shown by FIG. 4, the multiple radio object componentsinclude an SMS handler 432, a call handler 434, a data handler 436, anda state handler 438. Additionally, the radio object includes a port 446that interfaces with the device for purpose of communicating with theradio hardware 450.

In an embodiment, the port 446 may also correspond to the deviceinterface 326. As such, the radio object components 432-428 and the port446 are at least substantially platform-independent, and the port 446and the radio object components 432-438 are at least substantiallydevice independent. This means that a significant portion (e.g. 80% ofthe programmatic construct) is dependent only on the radio hardware 450in use. In one embodiment, the design of a wireless computing device mayinclude identifying a radio object 420 that is configured for the radiohardware 450 is use. Only the port 446 and the OS abstraction 422 areconfigured on a device model and platform case-by-case basis. The resultis that the amount of program design is significantly reduced for whennew devices (or device functionality) is introduced.

In an embodiment, the radio object 420 is implemented on a device andexecuted in connection with the use of wireless applications thatgenerate and handle wireless activities. Wireless applications maygenerate requests 411, 413 to the radio object 420. The OS abstraction422 handles the requests 411, 413 by determining which of a plurality ofradio object components are to receive the requests 411, 413. Inaddition to handling requests, the OS abstraction 422 performsoperations that are necessary based on the type or version of theoperating system. For example, each operating system has its ownprocedures for performing management, including allocating free memory.In an embodiment, the operations performed by the OS abstraction 422include making operating system requests for obtaining the proper amountof memory. The OS abstraction 422 may also perform operations ofthreading, where multiple programs run simultaneously in the operatingsystem. The radio object 420 may run on its own thread. In general,threads are operating system specific. For example, how a thread isinitiated, how it is maintained, how a thread is communicated with, andhow a thread is terminated, are specific to the type and version of theoperating system. The OS abstraction 422 establishes the thread with theoperating system. Additionally, if different operating systems usingdifferent syntax, the OS abstraction 422 may perform syntax translationfunctions.

The SMS handler 432 is configured to handle communications thatoriginate from or are intended for an SMS application. Thesecommunications may include outgoing messages, originating as a request413 from an SMS application that resides on the device. Additionally,embodiments described herein contemplate the sharing of radio object 420by more than one device. As such, the requests may originate as request411 from another device for purpose of generating an outgoing message onthe device in which the radio object 420 resides. In either case, arequest for an outgoing message may result in the SMS handler 432forming a packet using information contained in the request. The packetmay conform to the protocol and format of the SMS protocol and format.The SMS handler 432 then communicates the prepared communication to theport 446, which then forwards the communication to the radio hardware450. The SMS handler 432 is also configured to handle acknowledgements419 from the radio hardware 450. The radio hardware 450 may issueacknowledgements 419 (and other internal communications) to correspondto events such as successful transmission of the message. The timing andmanner in which acknowledgements are issued depend on the radio hardware450. The SMS handler may 432 may include logic to handle different radiohardware 450. For example, the radio hardware 450 may not provideacknowledgements. In either case, the SMS handler 432 is configured tomake the performance of the radio hardware 450 uniform to the higherapplication layers (e.g. the SMS application). The SMS handler 432 mayalso handle communications 417 that correspond to incoming messages fromother devices. Such messages may first be received by the radio hardware450, converted into a communication that the SMS handler 432 cantranslate for the receiving SMS application.

The call handler 434 is used to receive requests from applications thatprovide call functionality (a telephone application). The requests mayspecify that the radio hardware is to make a voice call. The request mayinclude a phone number specified by the user when operating a phoneapplication. The call handler 434 may form a packet that instructs theradio hardware 450 to place the call using the specified number. Theradio hardware 450 may provide several acknowledgements 419 once therequest is made. The acknowledgements may correspond to (i) the deviceis in a dialing state; (ii) the call connection has been established,and (iii) the call had terminated. Each of these acknowledgements 419may be forwarded to the top layer application, to cause that applicationto act accordingly to the state of the radio communications. Forexample, once the radio hardware 450 is in a dialing state, the phoneapplication may communicate the state. When the call is established, thenext request for audio transmission may be handled outside of the radioobject 420. A system interface layer (SIL) 460 may receive a callconnect communication 456 (provided by the operating system or the toplayer application) and route audio data to and from the phoneapplication through audio hardware. Thus, audio data communicated afterthe call is connected may be handled outside of the radio object 420,using SIL 460, device audio hardware (not shown), and radio hardware450. As such, the SIL 460 may be device and operating system dependent.In an embodiment, the SIL 460 may be reserved for performing certaindevice specific and/or operating specific functions, in addition to therouting of audio data. For example, some devices are capable ofproviding notifications through Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The SILwould be used to interface with device specific components that wouldcause the LED illumination, which may involve blinking speed and ambercolor depending on the nature of the communication that the LEDillumination is to represent. In these and other cases, the componentthat handles device-specific tasks are external to the radio object.

The call handler 434 may also perform other functions. These otherfunctions include establishing a call when the request for making thecall is an incoming communication forwarded from the radio hardware 450.The incoming request may be communicated by the call handler 434 to thetop layer application running on the device. Other functions that can beperformed by the call handler 434 include handling incoming requests bythe top layer application to accept or make multiple calls (e.g. callconferencing), responding to a request from the top layer application toswap phone calls, and sending up to the top layer application calleridentification information (“Caller ID”) in response to incoming phonecalls. Such information may be rendered by the phone application for theuser. Certain notifications, such as receipt of new voicemail, may alsobe communicated from the call handler 434 to the top layer applications.

The data handler 436 handles requests for making data connections. Suchrequests include, for example, requests from Internet browsingcomponents, such as web browser or browser enabled media componentsexecuting on the device. The data handler 436 may also communicateresponses from web sites and other network locations to the requestingcomponent. Data handler 436 may also handle information such as thestatus of the data call, whether the signal strength, and timing of thedata call.

The state handler 438 maintains state information pertaining to wirelesscommunications and activities. In an implementation, the state handler438 maintains information such as (i) whether the radio hardware 450 ison, (ii) whether the device is in service, (iii) carrier signal quality,and (iv) carrier display information. Other examples of information thatcan be maintained by the state handler 438 include information such aswhether the speaker phone hardware is on, whether the muting of thephone application is on, and whether voice privacy call features are inuse.

While an embodiment such as shown in FIG. 4 may provide for the radioobject 420 to communicate and operate with the operating system throughthe OS abstraction 422, top layer applications may still run on theoperating system, but not be compatible with the radio object 420. Forexample, a platform may integrate the operating system with the toplayer applications, such that the top layer applications communicateonly for native radio objects that are directly compatible with theoperating system, without the use of the OS abstraction 422. Toaccommodate such top layer applications, an additional operating systeminterface may be provided between the radio object 420 and the operatingsystem. The operating system interface converts communications that arein the form of the operating system's native radio object into a form ofthe modularized radio object described with FIG. 4.

In an embodiment shown by FIG. 4, distribution of functions and tasksamongst the various components is one of implementation. For example,the divide between what components perform which tasks may be blurred,or even altered, based on implementation and design of the radio object420 and the radio hardware 450. For example, some radio objects may havethe call handler 434 handle incoming voicemail notifications, whileother radio objects may provide for the SMS handler 432. Still further,the distinction between different handlers may be merged in otherimplementations.

Multiple Radio Support

Embodiments of the invention contemplate wireless computing devices thatoperate using multiple radio hardware modules, where each radio hardwaremodule enables communication activities on a particular type of networkand/or protocol. In such instances, embodiments provide for intelligent,programmatic decision making on which radio objects to use in specificinstances and conditions.

FIG. 5 illustrates a computing device on which multiple radio hardwaremodules are provided with support, under an embodiment of the invention.In FIG. 5, support for multiple types of radio hardware modules 520 isprovided with corresponding radio objects 510. Each radio hardwaremodule 520 may enable wireless communication activities of a particularprotocol, or on a type of network. In FIG. 5, a design implementation isassumed in which each radio object 510 is assumed to be for onecorresponding radio hardware module 520. elsewhere.

A session manager 505 may provide an interface between the top layerapplications and the radio objects 520. In an embodiment, sessionmanager 505 performs functions of arbitrating requests from multipleapplications in the application layer to one or more of the radioobjects 510, as described with FIG. 1 and elsewhere. The session manager505 may also be configured to provide the interface from applicationsthat are OS-specific, as described with FIG. 3 and elsewhere.

According to an embodiment, a request 518 from one of the applicationsin the application layer may be handled by anyone of the radio objects510. For example, a request to connect a call may be handled by a radioobject for CDMA hardware, a radio object for GSM hardware, or even bythe radio object for WiFi hardware (through VoIP). In an embodimentshown, the determination as to which radio hardware module 520 andcorresponding radio object 510 is to receive a particular request may bemade by business logic prior to the request being forwarded to one ofthe radio objects. According to one embodiment, session manager 505includes business logic 508 for making a determination as to which radioobject 510 and corresponding radio hardware module 540 is to receive agiven request.

The business logic 508 may decide which radio object 510 and radiohardware module 520 (“radio path”) is to receive a particular requestfor generating an outgoing communication be based on one or more of thefollowing factors: (i) a cost associated with each radio path, (ii) thenumber of minutes individual paths have under a carrier plan, (iii)network availability for the type of communication provided from theradio path; (iv) signal strength of the network available for differentpaths; (v) preferences designated by the user; (vi) input provided bythe user at the time the request is made (e.g. user specifies a VoIPcall); (vii) the time of day in which the request is made; (viii) theapplication that is making the request; and (ix) the physical locationof the user.

With regard to communications directed to the application layer,embodiments provide for communications 522 that are generated within thedevice, and communications 523 received from external sources.Communications generated from within the device may be in the form ofacknowledgements or responses to requests generated from the applicationlayer. Externally generated communications 523 may be received bywhatever radio hardware module 520 that is active and can process thecommunication. Such communications may be forwarded up the chain fromthe radio hardware layer to the appropriate application at theapplication layer.

As mentioned, one motivation for including multiple radio hardwaremodules 520 is that different environments or conditions may favor useof one type of radio communications over another. For example, voiceover Internet Protocol (VoIP) communications are generally inexpensive,but require an Internet connection and are preferably used in broadbandmediums. CDMA networks are considered widely available and reliablecellular networks, but often expensive. As an example, the device 500may include a first radio hardware module 512 for CDMA communications,and a second radio hardware module 512 for WiFi Internet connections.The first radio hardware module 512 may be used when the reliability andavailability of the CDMA is preferred, while the second radio hardwaremodule 514 may be used when a good WiFi connection is available. Throughthe second radio hardware module 514, VoIP phone calls may be made atmuch cheaper rates that the corresponding CDMA call.

An embodiment such as shown by FIG. 5 may be facilitated by radioobjects 510 that are significantly modularized. As such, design andimplementation of each radio object 510 is not made cumbersome with theneed for programmatic constructs that are specific to both device andoperating software on each radio object. Furthermore, an embodiment mayemploy functions and features described with other embodiments,including the use of arbitration and message architecture. Arbitrationby the session manager 505, for example, facilitates the use of limiteddevice resources when requests from multiple applications are made andpossible through multiple radio paths. In addition, messagingcommunications between the application layer (not shown in this figure)and the session manager 505 enables the session manager 505 to betterhandle requests from various types of applications and applicationversions, thereby simplifying the process of radio path selection whenmultiple radio objects 510 are in use.

Additional Usage Cases

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment in which multiple radio objects areincluded in one device, and in which the type of radio communicationsused for a particular wireless activity is transparent to the user. InFIG. 6, a device includes a session manager 610, and multiple radioobjects, and corresponding radio hardware for each of the radio objects.In an implementation shown, the device includes a Bluetooth radio object622, a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) radio object 624, and a CDMAradio object 626. In the case where a request from a top layer wirelessapplication is a call connect request 602 (e.g. as generated by a phoneapplication), multiple radio objects may respond and place the call.While an embodiment such as described provides for a request forwireless activity to be in the form of a call connect, other embodimentsmay implemented other types of requests, such as messaging requests.

One of the components is the VoIP radio object 624, which interfaceswith WiFi hardware. The VoIP radio object provides the added functionsof translating the request 602 into a VoIP request that can be handledby the WiFi hardware. The WiFi hardware may include a Session InitiatedProtocol (SIP) 640 stack that handles requests and forwards them to aWiFi driver 645. The WiFi driver 645 interfaces with the WiFi radiohardware 650 so as to generate the wireless request for the Internet inorder to create an Internet Protocol voice connection.

The CDMA radio object 626 may handle the call connect request 602 in amanner described with other embodiments. A CDMA Radio hardware 660 maybe used for when the call connect request 602 results in the placementof a CDMA call. The Bluetooth radio object 622 may be used for device todevice communications.

With features and functionality described in this application,embodiments of the invention enable the selection and use of the radioobjects to be transparent from operation of the top layer application.For example, the phone application that generates the call connectrequest 602 may behave the same whether the call connect is made viaVoIP or CDMA. The session manager 610 may handle the request 602, andusing logic such as described in FIG. 5, select one of the radio objectsto handle the call connect request 602. For example, if WiFi isavailable, the session manager 610 may automatically select the VoIPradio object 624.

In an embodiment, the radio objects are significantly device andplatform independent. As such, the configuration of the top layerapplication that generates the request 602 is not material. For example,the application may be operating system specific, while significantportions of the radio object are not. In one embodiment, the request 602can be generated from a paired device. The paired device may have thesame or different device profile or platform. The request 602 may betransmitted through, for example, the Bluetooth radio on the device.

According to an embodiment, a device such as shown by FIG. 6 may bepaired, or made communicative with other devices that can use some orall of its radio resources. Thus, for example, a phone application maybe provided on a device that can only communicate to another devicethrough Bluetooth or Infrared, or by wireline. But operation of thephone application results in the call connect request 602 establishing acall. This is facilitated by the radio object being device independent.Even if the requesting device has a different platform, it can beaccommodated by OS interfaces and abstraction components that configurethe radio object components for the alternative platforms. Furthermore,the message architecture described with FIG. 2 may be implemented in anembodiment such as described to facilitate such requests betweendevices. As noted in FIG. 3, message requests carry identification andversion information, and can be communicated more easily in asynchronousfashion. Once the call is established, subsequent acknowledgements (e.g.call placed) are handled by the radio object so as to enablecommunication with the application layer independent of the deviceprofile or platform.

Once one of the radio objects is used to place the call, an embodimentprovides that audio data may be routed to the radio hardware of theselected radio object when the call takes place. A SIL 630 may be usedto establish the routes of the audio data outside of the radio object.As mentioned, the SIL 630 is device and platform dependent. More thanone SIL 630 may be used. For example, each radio object may have its ownSIL 630.

Numerous alternative embodiments are contemplated herein. Among them,while embodiments described above provide for wireless activities thatpertain primarily to phone calls and messaging, it should be notes thatradio objects may be used for other types of data transfers, including,for example, audio and video (e.g. streaming audio).

Additionally, embodiments described herein contemplate implementationsin which radio objects can be added to devices in order to increasetheir functionality downstream from the manufacturing stage. Forexample, an embodiment contemplates the ability for a user to add aradio object 320 (see FIG. 3), along with any integrated or externallyprovided operating system abstraction and device interface.Alternatively, the addition of the radio object 320 may be done by avendor or cellular carrier using a standardized product, so that radioobject functionality is determined by the vendor or cellular carrier.The modularization of the radio object, where radio objects have similaror even identical programmatic constructs, even when different devicesand operating systems are used, enable such downstream configurations.

Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been describedin detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is tobe understood that the invention is not limited to those preciseembodiments. As such, many modifications and variations will be apparentto practitioners skilled in this art. Accordingly, it is intended thatthe scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and theirequivalents. Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular featuredescribed either individually or as part of an embodiment can becombined with other individually described features, or parts of otherembodiments, even if the other features and embodiments make nomentioned of the particular feature. This, the absence of describingcombinations should not preclude the inventor from claiming rights tosuch combinations.

1. A wireless computing comprising: a set of one or more radiocomponents to transmit and receive wireless communications on thedevice; processing and memory resources that, in combination orindividually, provide logic and programming, wherein the logic andprogramming comprises: multiple wireless applications, wherein eachwireless application is capable of generating a user-interface forenabling user-input in connection with wireless activities performedwith that wireless application; a radio object that interfaces themultiple applications with the set of one or more radio components; anarbitration component that arbitrates at least one of (i) requests madeby each of the wireless applications to the radio object for access toone or more of the radio components in the set, or (ii) responses fromthe radio object to requests made by each of the wireless applications.2. The device of claim 1, wherein the arbitration component enablesrequests from two or more of the wireless applications to be handledasynchronously by the radio object.
 3. The device of claim 2, whereinthe arbitration component forwards requests from the wirelessapplications to the radio object using messages.
 4. The device of claim3, wherein at least some of the wireless applications communicate withthe radio object using messages.
 5. The device of claim 3, wherein atleast some of the wireless applications communicate with the radioobject using function calls, and wherein the processing and memoryresources, in combination or individually, provide an interface thatconverts each function call to a corresponding message.
 6. The device ofclaim 4, wherein each message includes version information about thewireless application form which the message originates.
 7. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the set of one or more radio components includescomponents for sending and receiving data wirelessly using a givenwireless communication medium and protocol.
 8. The device of claim 7,wherein the given wireless communication medium and protocol correspondsto a wireless communication medium and protocol selected from a groupconsisting of (i) wireless fidelity (WiFi), (ii) Bluetooth, (iii) codedivision multiplex (CDMA), (iv) global system for cellular technology(GSM), and time division multiplex (TDMA).
 9. The device of claim 1,wherein the multiple wireless applications include applications selectedfrom a group consisting of (i) a wireless email application, (ii) a webbrowsing application, (iii) a short message service (SMS) application,(iv) a multimedia message service (MMS) application, and (v) a voicedata application.
 10. A wireless computing device comprising: aplurality of radio modules, wherein each radio module includes one ormore components for performing at least one of transmitting andreceiving wireless data in a corresponding wireless communication mediumand under a corresponding protocol; processing and memory resources thatprovide logic and programming comprising: a wireless application forenabling a particular type of wireless communication using anyone of theplurality of radio modules; a plurality of radio objects, wherein eachradio object is configured to process a request for a communication ofthe particular type using a radio module in the plurality of radiomodules that corresponds to that radio object; and a manager configuredto select one of the plurality of radio modules is to handle thecommunication.
 11. The wireless computing device of claim 10, whereinthe manager is configured to select one of the plurality of radiomodules based at least in part on one or more factors determined a thetime of the request.
 12. The wireless computing device of claim 10,wherein the manager is configured to select one of the plurality ofradio modules based at least in part on a determination of which radiomodule in the plurality of radio modules have has better communicationreception at the time the request is made.
 13. The wireless computingdevice of claim 10, wherein the manager is configured to select one ofthe plurality of radio modules based at least in part on a determinationof which radio module in the plurality of radio modules is capable ofproviding a communication session least expensively.
 14. The wirelesscomputing device of claim 10, wherein the wireless communicationapplication corresponds to a wireless application selected from a groupconsisting of (i) a text messaging application, (ii) an image messagingapplication, (iii) a voice exchange application.
 15. The wirelesscomputing device of claim 10, wherein at least one of the radio modulescorresponds to a wireless fidelity (WiFi) module or a Bluetooth module.16. The wireless computing device of claim 15, wherein at least one ofthe radio modules corresponds to a code division multiplex (CDMA)module, global system for cellular technology (GSM) module, or timedivision multiplex (TDMA) module.
 17. A radio system for a wirelesscomputing device, the radio system, comprising: one or more radio objectcomponents, wherein each radio object component includes instructionsfor handling communication requests originating from at least onecorresponding wireless communication application for use by a radiomodule of the wireless computing device; an operating system abstractioncomprising instructions for interfacing each of the one or more radioobject components with an operating system of the wireless computingdevice; and a hardware interface that is configured to interface each ofthe one or more radio object components with device hardware on thewireless computing device; wherein the one or more radio objectcomponents are configured to be independent of the operating systemabstraction and the hardware interface.
 18. The radio system of claim17, wherein the one or more radio object components include at least afirst radio object for a text messaging application.
 19. The radiosystem of claim 17, wherein the one or more radio object componentsinclude at least a first radio object for a voice exchange session. 20.The radio system of claim 17, wherein the operating system abstractionis independent of a type of device.